The
Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) was originally an agency of the United States
Department of the Treasury. The FBN was
established by a congressional Act of June 14, 1930. This act consolidated the functions and
jurisdictions of the Federal Narcotics Control Board and the Narcotic
Division. Both of these agencies were
brought into existence to take charge of law enforcement responsibilities that
the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act, 1914 and the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export
Act, 1922 (Also known as the Jones-Miller Act)
The Secretary of the Treasury Andrew
Mellon appointed Harry J. Anslinger as the first Federal Bureau of Narcotics
Commissioner. Interestingly, Anslinger's wife, Martha Kind Denniston was the niece of Secretary Mellon. With Anslinger’s
leadership, the Bureau aggressively lobbied Congress to pass harsher laws on
drug usage, possession, and smuggling.
Also the Federal Bureau of Narcotics is directly responsible for
criminalizing cannabis by lobbying Congress to pass the Marijuana Tax Act of
1937. The Bureau also strengthened the
Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914. Although
the Bureau gave some attention to cannabis their main objective was combating
opium and heroin smuggling.
"The first Federal law-enforcement administrator to recognize the signs of a national criminal syndication and sound the alarm was Harry J. Anslinger, Commissioner of the Bureau of Narcotics in the Treasury" (Ronald Reagan 1986)
"The first Federal law-enforcement administrator to recognize the signs of a national criminal syndication and sound the alarm was Harry J. Anslinger, Commissioner of the Bureau of Narcotics in the Treasury" (Ronald Reagan 1986)
One of the bureau’s major victories
in the fight against opium was the passing of the Opium Poppy Control Act of
1942. To further the effect of this law,
the FBN operated several offices overseas in France, Italy, Beirut, Thailand,
and Turkey. It was these offices that eventually
brought down the French Connection from which a movie was based. There were never more than 17 agents spread
between these overseas offices. Because
they did not posses law enforcement powers in these foreign countries, those
agents relied on local police to help them make arrests and not double cross
them.
When Anslinger retired in 1962,
Henry Giordano was appointed to replace him as the FBN’s commissioner. In 1968 Giordano successfully lobbied Congress to criminalize the possession of LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide). Giordano went on as the commissioner until
the FBN was merged with the Bureau of Drug Abuse Control to form the Bureau of
Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD) in 1968.
The BNDD is the direct predecessor to the most recent federal drug
agency, the Drug Enforcement Administration.